ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ПО ТЕМЕ PERFECT
GRAMMER REVISION
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT
Present Perfect
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Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
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I have broken You have broken She has broken He has broken It has broken We have broken You have broken They have broken |
I have not (haven’t) broken You have not (haven’t) broken She has not (hasn’t) broken He has not (hasn’t) broken It has not (hasn’t) broken We have not (haven’t) broken You have not (haven’t) broken They have not (haven’t) broken |
Have I broken? Have you broken? Has she broken? Has he broken? Has it broken? Have we broken? Have you broken? Have they broken? |
Типичные обстоятельства для Present Perfect: already, just, yet, not yet, ever, never.
Past Perfect
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Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
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I had broken You had broken She had broken He had broken It had broken We had broken You had broken They had broken |
I had not (hadn’t) broken You had not (hadn’t) broken She had not (hadn’t) broken He had not (hadn’t) broken It had not (hadn’t) broken We had not (hadn’t) broken You had not (hadn’t) broken They had not (hadn’t) broken |
Had I broken? Had you broken? Had she broken? Had he broken? Had it broken? Had we broken? Had you broken? Had they broken? |
Past Perfect выражает действие, которое совершилось раньше другого действия в прошлом или к определённому моменту в прошлом. Отсюда его название – “прошедшее законченное”.
1. Момент прошедшего времени выражается обстоятельством времени с предлогом by , часто в сочетании с наречием already.
2. Момент прошедшего времени выражается другим прошедшим действием в Past Indefinite в придаточном предложении времени.
Future Perfect Tense
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Утвердительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
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I will have broken You will have broken
She will have broken
He will have broken
It will have broken
We will have broken
You will have broken
They will have broken |
I will not (won’t) have broken You will not (won’t) have broken She will not (won’t) have broken He will not (won’t) have broken It will not (won’t) have broken We will not (won’t) have broken You will not (won’t) have broken They will not (won’t) have broken |
Will I have broken? Will you have broken?
Will she have broken?
Will he have broken?
Will it have broken?
Will we have broken?
Will you have broken?
Will they have broken? |
Future Perfect Tense выражает действие, которое уже закончится ранее определенного момента будущего времени; переводится на русский язык будущим временем совершенного вида обычно в сочетании с такими наречиями, как already, before, after, предлогом by.