"Иностранный язык" (английский язык) для экономистов

The type of national economic system that characterizes developing countries plays a key role in determining the nature of the banking system. In capitalist countries a system of private enterprise in banking prevails. In a number of socialist countries (for example, Egypt and Sudan) all banks have been nationalized. Other countries have patterned themselves after the liberal socialism of Europe; in Peru and Kenya, for instance, government-owned and privately owned banks coexist. In many countries, the banking system developed under colonialism, with banks owned by institutions in the parent country. In some, such as Zambia and Cameroon, this tradition continued, although modified, after decolonization. In other nations, such as Nigeria and Saudi Arabia, the rise of nationalism led to mandates for majority ownership by the native population.

     Banks in developing countries are similar to their counterparts in developed nations. Commercial banks accept and transfer deposits and are active lenders, especially for short-term purposes. Other financial intermediaries, particularly government-owned development banks, arrange long-term loans. Banks are often used to finance government expenditures. The banking system may also play a major role in financing exports.

     In the poorer countries, an extensive but primitive no monetary sector usually continues to exist. It is the special task of the banking community to encourage the use of money and introduce banking habits among the population.